The European Union has established regulations and guidelines for the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and new genomic techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The EU’s Directive 2001/18/EC and subsequent amendments provide a framework for the environmental risk assessment of GMOs. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has also developed guidelines for the risk assessment of GMOs, including those produced through synthetic biology.

Recent advances in gene editing technologies have raised questions about their potential applications and risks. Researchers have used CRISPR-Cas9 to develop crops with improved traits, such as increased fatty acid content and reduced gluten levels. However, there are concerns about the potential environmental and health impacts of these technologies.

The EU has established a database for GMOs and provides guidance on the risk assessment of gene-edited organisms. International organizations, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, are also developing guidelines for the use of gene editing technologies. Overall, the regulation and assessment of GMOs and new genomic techniques are ongoing and evolving, with a focus on ensuring their safe and responsible use.

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Researchers have genetically engineered a marine microorganism to break down plastic in salt water, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common contributor to microplastic pollution. They combined the genes of two bacteria, Vibrio natriegens and Ideonella sakaiensis, to create a modified organism that can produce enzymes to break down PET. The Vibrio natriegens bacteria was chosen for its ability to thrive in saltwater and reproduce quickly, while the Ideonella sakaiensis bacteria produces the enzymes needed to break down PET. The researchers introduced the Ideonella sakaiensis genes into the Vibrio natriegens bacteria, allowing it to produce the enzymes on its surface. The modified bacteria was then able to break down PET in a saltwater environment at room temperature. This breakthrough is the first of its kind, and the researchers believe it could be a significant step in addressing microplastic pollution in oceans. However, they acknowledge that additional challenges must be addressed before this technology can be widely implemented.

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Researchers analyzed the microbial features of a bacterial consortium called AUN, composed of A-gyo and UN-gyo, to understand its genomic characteristics. The study found that A-gyo was defective in pathogenic gene factors, allowing it to reside in living mice. The AUN consortium exhibited a unique gene expression pattern, with increased expression of genes related to extracellular iron acquisition, which may contribute to its anticancer efficacy.

In immunocompromised mouse models, AUN showed strong antitumor efficacy, with a single or double dose administration leading to complete tumor regression. The double-dose regimen ensured a substantial amount of AUN was delivered to the tumors, resulting in a 100% complete response. The study also investigated the mechanism of tumor suppression, finding that AUN caused tumor-specific thrombosis, leading to hypoxia and necrosis.

The AUN consortium was also tested in various human cancer cell lines, including HT29, SKOV3, and BxPC3, and showed transcendent oncolytic ability against these tumors. The study suggests that the AUN bacterial consortium has potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment, with its unique features and mechanisms contributing to its efficacy.

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This article describes the development and testing of a genetically engineered bacterium, SYNB1891, for the treatment of cancer. The bacterium is designed to produce cyclic-di-AMP (CDA), a stimulator of the STING pathway, which activates the immune system to fight cancer. The researchers tested SYNB1891 in various mouse models of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and colon cancer, and found that it was able to inhibit tumor growth and induce immune responses. They also tested the safety and efficacy of SYNB1891 in vitro and in vivo, and found that it was well-tolerated and able to induce cytokine production and immune cell activation. The researchers used various techniques, including flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISA, to analyze the immune responses induced by SYNB1891. They also developed a method for quantifying CDA production in vitro and in vivo using LC-MS/MS. Overall, the study suggests that SYNB1891 is a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, and provides a foundation for further research and development.

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Proline is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. The metabolism of proline is closely linked to carcinogenic pathways, and its hydroxylation is a key regulatory mechanism in cellular responses to hypoxia. Trans-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) is a hydroxylated form of proline that is found in collagen and other proteins. Various enzymes, including prolyl 4-hydroxylases, are involved in the biosynthesis of Hyp.

Researchers have explored the production of Hyp through microbial fermentation using recombinant Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum strains. Genetic engineering and metabolic engineering approaches have been used to optimize Hyp production, including the introduction of proline 4-hydroxylase genes and the manipulation of metabolic pathways.

Studies have also investigated the effects of oxygen availability, temperature, and pH on Hyp production. Additionally, the use of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin has been shown to improve oxygen supply and enhance Hyp production in recombinant E. coli. The development of efficient production systems for Hyp has significant implications for the biotechnology industry, particularly in the production of collagen and other biomaterials.

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Scientists in Scotland have engineered bacteria to convert plastic into a precursor to the painkiller acetaminophen. The bacteria, Escherichia coli, were genetically modified to perform a Lossen rearrangement, converting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic into para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). At room temperature, 92% of the PET was converted into PABA over 48 hours. This process has the potential to create a greener production system for acetaminophen, which is currently produced using fossil fuels. The engineered bacteria performed the conversion without detectable carbon emissions, providing a sustainable alternative. According to Professor Stephen Wallace, this research demonstrates that PET plastic can be transformed into valuable new products, including those with potential for treating disease. The discovery opens up new possibilities for using microbes as tiny chemical factories, and it is likely that many bacteria can perform similar transmutations. This breakthrough could lead to more sustainable and environmentally-friendly production methods for various chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

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The study constructed DNA sensor strains derived from B. subtilis PY79 to detect specific bacterial species. Plasmids were constructed to introduce fluorescent protein genes and a kill switch system. The sensor strains were designed to detect E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. difficile. The study used a cell-based DNA detection system, where the sensor strains were transformed with target DNA sequences, and the transformation efficiency was measured. The results showed that the sensor strains could detect specific bacterial species with high sensitivity and specificity. The study also demonstrated multiplexed DNA detection using a mixture of sensor strains and target DNA sequences. The sensor strains were able to detect S. typhimurium and S. aureus in a complex microbial community. Additionally, the study showed that the sensor strains could be used for direct detection of target species in a mixed culture. The results suggest that the cell-based DNA sensors have potential applications in detecting specific bacterial species in various environments.

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This study involved the generation of microbiota-free and mono-colonized honeybees to investigate the effects of different gut symbionts on Nosema ceranae infection. Honeybees were collected from an experimental apiary and kept in an incubator at 35°C with 50% humidity. The bees were fed sterile sucrose syrup and pollen, and their gut bacteria were isolated and grown on agar plates. The bees were then mono-colonized with different gut symbionts, including S. alvi M0351, B. choladohabitans W8113, and G. apicola B14384H2.

The bees were challenged with N. ceranae spores and the effects of the different gut symbionts on the infection were investigated. The results showed that the gut symbionts had different effects on the infection, with some reducing the number of N. ceranae spores in the gut. The study also involved the use of dsRNA to knockdown specific genes in N. ceranae and the use of engineered S. alvi to deliver the dsRNA to the bees. The results showed that the engineered S. alvi was able to colonize the bees and reduce the number of N. ceranae spores in the gut.

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Researchers have engineered bacteria to detect DNA mutations in the KRAS gene, which is associated with colorectal cancer. The bacteria, called “biosensors,” can capture tumor DNA shed into the gut and trigger a signal indicating cancer detection. In a study, the engineered bacteria were able to detect mutated DNA in mice with colorectal tumors. The technology has potential for non-invasive cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy. The bacteria can be designed to detect specific mutations and respond in different ways, making it a modular and adaptable approach.

While the technology is still in its early stages, experts believe it has potential for various clinical uses, including detecting cancer in patient blood samples or delivering treatments directly to tumors. However, more work is needed to develop and fine-tune the technology for human use. The researchers are exploring ways to adapt the system for use with bacteria that can live in the human gut and to engineer bacteria that can detect multiple genetic mutations at once. The study’s findings were published in Science and have sparked interest in the potential of bacterial biosensors for cancer detection and treatment.

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The provided text appears to be a list of scientific article references related to cancer research, immunology, and gene therapy. The articles are from various reputable journals such as Nature Reviews Cancer, Trends in Cancer, and Science. The references span from 2001 to 2024, indicating a range of research over the past two decades.

The topics covered in the articles include cancer immunology, gene therapy, and the use of bacteria and other microorganisms as cancer treatments. Some articles discuss the potential of bacteria to selectively target and kill cancer cells, while others explore the use of gene editing technologies to enhance cancer therapies.

The references also highlight the work of various researchers and institutions, including Forbes, Zhou, and Danino, who have contributed to the field of cancer research and immunology. Overall, the list of references suggests a significant body of research focused on developing innovative cancer treatments and therapies. The articles provide a foundation for understanding the current state of cancer research and the potential for future breakthroughs in the field.

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The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Research has shown that an imbalance of the gut microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, is associated with various diseases, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Studies have also demonstrated that certain strains of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Engineered bacteria have been developed to target and kill cancer cells, and have shown promise in preclinical trials. The use of live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) is a growing area of research, with potential applications in the treatment of various diseases. However, the development of LBPs requires careful consideration of factors such as safety, efficacy, and scalability. Researchers are using various technologies, including genetic engineering and synthetic biology, to develop novel LBPs. The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem, and understanding its dynamics and interactions with the host is essential for the development of effective therapies. Overall, the study of the gut microbiome and its manipulation through LBPs holds great promise for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Further research is needed to fully realize the potential of this emerging field.

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The approval of human insulin synthesized in genetically engineered bacteria on October 29, 1982, marked a significant milestone in biotechnology. This “biopharmaceutical” was the first drug made using molecular genetic engineering techniques to be approved by the FDA. The development of human insulin was a response to the potential shortage of animal-derived insulin, which was the only treatment available for diabetes at the time. Eli Lilly and Company, in collaboration with Genentech, Inc., developed a process to produce human insulin in bacteria using recombinant DNA technology. The FDA approved the drug in just five months, a remarkably rapid review process. The approval of human insulin had a significant impact on the biotechnology industry, demonstrating the potential of genetic engineering to produce life-saving medicines. However, the author notes that the FDA’s review process has not kept pace with advances in technology, and regulatory barriers have hindered the development of other biotech products, such as genetically engineered animals and mosquitoes. The author calls for congressional oversight to create a more constructive balance between regulation and innovation.

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Researchers are exploring the use of bacteria as a treatment for cancer, a concept known as bacteriotherapy. This approach has been investigated since the 19th century, but recent advancements in gene editing have made it more promising. Bacteria can be engineered to target and destroy cancer cells, and some strains can penetrate deep into tumors, producing anti-cancer compounds or toxins. Anaerobic bacteria, which thrive in low-oxygen environments, are particularly effective at targeting tumors.

Bacteria can be modified to produce specific molecules, such as cytotoxic drugs, and can be triggered to release these molecules only when inside the tumor, reducing off-target effects. Researchers have also developed strategies to target bacteria to tumors, including using ligands that bind to cell surface receptors or exploiting the low oxygen and pH levels found in tumors. Some bacteria, such as Salmonella, have been engineered to remove virulence genes, making them safe for use in humans while retaining their anti-tumor potency. Overall, bacteriotherapy offers a promising new approach to cancer treatment, with potential advantages over traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

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The study involves the growth and maintenance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in various media and conditions. The researchers prepared liquid Hayflick complete medium and solid Hayflick 1% agar plates for M. pneumoniae growth. They also used Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium for P. aeruginosa growth. The study includes the generation of M. pneumoniae mutant strains, plasmid construction, and protein quantification using mass spectrometry.

The researchers performed in vitro biofilm degradation assays and antimicrobial activity tests. They also conducted mouse experiments to study the efficacy of M. pneumoniae in preventing P. aeruginosa infections. The mice were inoculated with M. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, and their lungs were analyzed for histopathological changes and RNA extraction.

The study also involved the collection of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) from patients with P. aeruginosa infections and the analysis of P. aeruginosa dispersal from the ETTs. The researchers used various statistical methods to analyze the data, including one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman’s correlation analysis. The study aims to investigate the potential of M. pneumoniae as a therapeutic agent against P. aeruginosa infections.

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Scientists at the University of Edinburgh have made a breakthrough in tackling plastic pollution and reducing the use of fossil fuels in drug manufacturing. They have discovered a way to convert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic into the painkiller acetaminophen using engineered Escherichia coli bacteria. The process involves degrading PET bottles into molecules, which are then fed to the bacteria, producing an organic compound that can be turned into acetaminophen. This method has a 92% yield and can be completed in 24 hours at room temperature. The researchers believe that this approach could be used to recycle other types of plastic and produce other drugs, offering a potential solution to the plastic pollution problem and reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. The study demonstrates the potential of combining natural and synthetic chemistry to drive innovation and find sustainable solutions to environmental problems. The research has been published in Nature Chemistry and could lead to a more environmentally friendly way of producing pain relief medications.

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A new £14 million research hub, the Carbon-Loop Sustainable Biomanufacturing Hub (C-Loop), has been launched in the UK. Led by the University of Edinburgh, the hub aims to harness the power of engineered microbes to convert industrial waste into high-value, sustainable products such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The goal is to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and support a more circular, low-emission manufacturing economy. C-Loop will use advances in engineering biology to recycle carbon-rich waste and create new materials. The hub will also establish the UK’s first BioFactory, a national platform for analyzing industrial waste and scaling up bio-based production. The project involves researchers from several universities and over 40 industrial partners. The aim is to accelerate the adoption of engineering biology technologies, create new sustainable supply chains, and support the growth of a low-carbon bioeconomy. By doing so, C-Loop hopes to help the UK transition to sustainable production and reduce waste, with the ultimate goal of achieving a carbon-neutral future. The project is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) with £11 million of the total funding.

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The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has proposed amendments to the rules governing genetically modified (GM) organisms, crops, and products. The draft notification aims to increase transparency in the decision-making process of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC). The GEAC is responsible for approving and regulating GM organisms. The proposed amendments to the 1989 rules require GEAC members to disclose any personal or professional interests that may influence their judgment. This move is expected to ensure impartial decision-making and increase accountability within the GEAC. The amendment is part of an effort to improve the regulatory framework for GM organisms in India. By promoting transparency, the government hopes to build trust and confidence in the regulation of GM products. The proposed changes are open for public comment and will be finalized after considering feedback from stakeholders.

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Researchers at Imperial College London have created a sustainable and vegan leather alternative that can dye itself, eliminating the need for artificial chemical dyes. The team used genetically modified microbes to produce a flexible substance called bacterial cellulose, which can be grown into various shapes and colors. To demonstrate their technique, they created prototypes of shoes and wallets that self-dyed into black using a dark pigment produced by the bacteria. The process is environmentally friendly, requiring minimal carbon emissions, water, and land use compared to traditional leather production. The researchers also showed that the bacteria can be modified to produce colors in response to blue light, allowing for the creation of patterns and logos. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize the fashion industry, providing a sustainable and vegan alternative to traditional leather and textiles. The team plans to work with the fashion industry to expand their technology and create a wider range of colors, materials, and patterns.

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Researchers at UC San Diego have made a breakthrough in using engineered bacteria to improve metabolic health in mice. The study used metatranscriptomics to identify time-dependent microbial functions that can improve host metabolism. Mice given the engineered bacteria showed better blood sugar control, lower insulin levels, and increased lean mass. The next step is to test the bacteria in mice with obesity or diabetes caused by a high-fat diet. The researchers plan to explore other time-sensitive microbial genes to develop additional engineered bacteria that could improve metabolic health. The study’s findings demonstrate the potential for designing targeted microbial therapies based on functional insights. The researchers involved in the study have disclosed their affiliations and potential conflicts of interest with various biotechnology companies. The study’s results are promising and could lead to new treatments for metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. Further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of the engineered bacteria in disease models.

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Recent advances in synthetic biology have enabled the creation of genetic circuits that integrate logic and memory in living cells. Researchers have successfully engineered bacterial cells to perform complex tasks, such as sensing and responding to environmental stimuli, producing specific metabolic products, and even delivering therapeutic molecules. These advancements have been achieved through the development of new tools and techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, RNA interference, and microfluidics.

Studies have also explored the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host, revealing the importance of the microbiome in shaping various aspects of host physiology, including metabolism, behavior, and disease susceptibility. The use of genetically engineered microorganisms as therapeutics has shown promise in treating various diseases, including cancer and hyperammonemia.

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a popular model organism for studying host-microbe interactions and developing new biotechnological applications. Researchers have successfully engineered C. elegans to produce specific RNA molecules, sense environmental stimuli, and even deliver therapeutic molecules. These advancements have significant implications for the development of novel biotechnological applications and therapeutic strategies. Overall, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly evolving, with potential applications in various areas of biotechnology and medicine.

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In 2014, bioengineer Ryan Pandya had a disappointing experience with a vegan cream cheese substitute. As a recent convert to veganism, he was struggling to give up dairy products. However, this encounter inspired him to create something new. Pandya went on to found Perfect Day, a company that is now leading a food revolution. Instead of using cows to produce milk, Perfect Day uses microorganisms that are genetically engineered to secrete milk proteins. These microorganisms are cultivated in a bioreactor, which serves as the company’s “farm”. The resulting milk proteins are identical to those found in traditional dairy milk, but are produced without the need for animals. Perfect Day’s innovative approach has the potential to disrupt the dairy industry and provide a sustainable, animal-free alternative to traditional milk. With its cutting-edge technology, the company is paving the way for a new era in food production.

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A team of 11 undergraduate students from the University of Rochester, called Team CyanoVolt, has developed a carbon-negative energy source that uses bacteria to generate energy while capturing and storing carbon dioxide. The team, led by students from various majors, designed and built engineered biological systems using DNA technologies as part of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition. They genetically engineered cyanobacteria to optimize its ability to absorb light and carbon dioxide, and then used specialized biophotovoltaic cells to harness the energy produced by the bacteria. The team also developed a novel screen printer to facilitate efficient flow of electrons. The project produces ethanol as a sustainable biofuel and is a renewable system that actively decreases the total amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. The team was awarded a gold medal for their project, which demonstrates a new approach to addressing energy needs while reducing harmful emissions. Their innovative approach has the potential to alleviate the climate crisis and provide a sustainable solution for the future.

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Researchers developed a CRISPR-based kill switch for E. coli (EcN) that induces cell death in response to the chemical inducer anhydrotetracycline (aTc). The kill switch utilizes a CRISPR/Cas9 approach, where Cas9 and guide RNAs (gRNAs) are expressed from separate plasmids using aTc-inducible promoters. The system was optimized through functional redundancy, where multiple copies of the Cas9 expression cassette were integrated into the genome. The kill switch was also modified to eliminate reliance on antibiotics for efficient killing by expressing an essential gene, infA, on the gRNA plasmid.

To improve the kill switch’s efficacy in vivo, the researchers knocked out key components of the SOS response, which reduces DNA mutagenesis. They also introduced intra-niche competition by co-gavaging the kill switch strain with a control strain. This approach led to almost complete eradication of the engineered microbe from mice. Additionally, a 2-input CRISPRks was developed, which responds to both aTc and reduced temperatures, providing a secondary layer of biocontainment. The kill switches were shown to have minimal impact on protein expression in EcN, making them suitable for biocontainment of engineered therapeutic and diagnostic microbes.

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Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine have made a breakthrough in developing live bacterial therapeutics (LBTs) to treat chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Current LBTs have limitations, as engineered bacteria do not survive in the gut environment, requiring frequent re-administration and producing inconsistent effects. To overcome this, the researchers used native bacteria in mice as the chassis for delivering transgenes, which induced persistent therapeutic changes in the gut. They engineered a strain of E. coli native to the host to express transgenes that affected its physiology, such as blood glucose levels. The modified bacteria engrafted throughout the gut, retained functionality, and improved blood glucose response for months. This approach has the potential to provide long-term therapy for chronic conditions and may be a relatively non-invasive, low-risk, and cost-effective option. The study’s findings demonstrate the potential of LBTs to treat or even cure diseases, and further research is needed to explore this technology.

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Scientists at Washington University in St. Louis have made a breakthrough in fabricating synthetic spider silk, which is stronger than steel yet lightweight and flexible. Professor Fuzhong Zhang has been working to increase the yield of silk threads produced from microbes while maintaining its desirable properties. With the help of an engineered mussel foot protein, Zhang created new spider silk fusion proteins that have eightfold higher yields and substantially improved strength and toughness. This discovery could revolutionize clothing manufacturing by providing a more eco-friendly alternative to traditional textiles. The synthetic silk is made from cheap feedstock using engineered bacteria, making it a renewable and biodegradable replacement for petroleum-derived fiber materials like nylon and polyester. The research has the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of the fashion industry, which produces an estimated 100 billion garments and 92 million tons of waste each year. Zhang’s team plans to expand the tunable properties of their synthetic silk fibers to meet the exact needs of each specialized market.

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A team of scientists has proposed a solution to reduce the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture. They suggest using genetic engineering to create symbiotic relationships between plants and nitrogen-fixing microbes, called diazotrophs. This approach would allow plants to harness atmospheric nitrogen, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. The team proposes engineering both plants and microbes to cultivate a bidirectional signaling system, enabling them to communicate and exchange nutrients. This approach would optimize nitrogen fixation, making it more efficient and sustainable. The scientists also highlight the potential benefits of nitrogen-fixing microbes, including growth stimulation and stress tolerance. However, they acknowledge the need for transparent communication with the public and rigorous testing of the engineered plant-microbe mutualisms in field conditions. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of biocontainment strategies to prevent the dissemination of transgenic material into native microbes. The team believes that this approach could provide a promising solution to the sustainability issues associated with synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and help meet the food demands of a growing population.

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The article discusses the role of synthetic biology in bioremediation, atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction, and sustainable biomining. Synthetic biology is the design and construction of new biological systems, such as genes, organisms, or biological pathways, that do not exist in nature. The article highlights the potential of synthetic biology to address environmental challenges, such as pollution, climate change, and scarcity of natural resources.

The article also discusses the importance of biocontainment, which is the ability to control and contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to prevent uncontrolled proliferation in the environment. Biocontainment can be achieved through various methods, including:

1. Intrinsic biocontainment: This involves incorporating genetic safeguards into the GMO to limit its growth and survival in the environment.
2. Extrinsic biocontainment: This involves using external controls, such as containment facilities or culling, to limit the spread of GMOs.
3. Synthetic biocontainment: This involves designing biological systems that are unable to survive or reproduce outside of a controlled environment.

The article highlights several examples of synthetic biology applications in bioremediation, including the use of GMOs to clean up pollutants, such as oil spills, and to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It also discusses the potential of synthetic biology to improve biomining, which is the use of microorganisms to extract valuable metals from ores.

The article concludes by noting that synthetic biology has the potential to revolutionize our understanding and management of environmental systems, but that it also poses risks and challenges that must be addressed through careful design, testing, and regulation.

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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genome has been altered in a laboratory to produce desirable traits or products. This process is achieved through recombinant DNA technology or reproductive cloning. GMOs have been produced for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, research, and environmental management. While GMOs have many benefits, such as increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use, they also have drawbacks, making them a controversial topic. For example, the introduction of GMO crops like Bt cotton and herbicide-resistant crops has led to the development of pesticide-resistant pests and increased chemical use. Additionally, GMO crops like golden rice have been engineered to combat vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency, but their effectiveness and safety are yet to be fully demonstrated. Despite these challenges, GMOs have become a part of everyday life, with over 90% of corn, cotton, and soybeans in the US being genetically modified. The use of GMOs has also led to increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use in some cases. However, concerns remain about the potential risks and impact on the environment and human health. The debate surrounding GMOs is ongoing, with proponents arguing that they improve crop production and reduce chemical use, while opponents argue they pose risks to the environment and human health. Ultimately, the production and use of GMOs will depend on the evaluation of their safety and potential benefits.

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The study focuses on creating a library of yeast strains that exhibit estrogen-dependent growth regulation, using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and protein fusion techniques. The authors created a library of 775 strains, each containing a different essential gene fused to the estrogen receptor (ERdd) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker. The strains were screened for their ability to grow in response to estradiol, a synthetic estrogen mimic. The primary screening was performed on agar plates, followed by a secondary screening in liquid culture. The top 46 strains were selected for further analysis, including proteome and metabolome analysis.

The study also explored the stability and competitiveness of the ERdd strains, as well as their potential for gene editing and containment. The results show that the ERdd strains exhibit significant changes in protein abundance and metabolite levels in response to estradiol, and that they are able to outcompete the parent strain in growth assays. The study highlights the potential of the ERdd system for the precise control of gene expression in yeast and its applications in biotechnology and synthetic biology.

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The article describes the construction of bacterial strains and plasmids for the production of a novel bioelectric device for converting microbial fermentation products into electricity. The authors constructed strains of E. coli using genetic engineering to express specific enzymes that break down xylan, a type of hemicellulose, into α-ketoglutarate, a valuable precursor for various compounds. They also constructed plasmids to express these enzymes on the surface of bacterial cells or inside the cells.

The authors created these plasmids by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and subcloning using the pET-28a vector. They then transformed these plasmids into E. coli cells and verified their expression using various enzymes.

The authors also developed a bioanode and biocathode for the microbial fuel cell, with the bioanode containing modified carbon cloth (CC) with MWCNTs (Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes) and the biocathode containing E. coli-laccase. They tested the performance of the microbial fuel cell with the anodic substrate xylan from corncob, and found that it can produce α-ketoglutarate and electricity stably for a long time.

The study also used scanning electron microscopy to observe the morphology of the bio-nanocomposite modified CC, verifying the attachment of E. coli consortia and MWCNTs to the surface.

The authors used various analytical methods to detect the concentrations of D-xylose, L-arabinose, and α-ketoglutarate using HPLC (High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography). They performed cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 37°C to test the electrochemical reactions and obtained statistically significant results.

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Researchers at the Marine Biological Institute (MIB) have developed a new biocontainment system to minimize the risk of genetically engineered microorganisms escaping into the natural environment. This system is designed to be used in conjunction with existing methods, such as auxotrophy and “suicide” genes, to ensure that modified organisms do not survive if they escape from a laboratory setting. The new method, described by Professor Patrick Cai, creates a highly effective barrier against the emergence of escape events, with an escape frequency of less than 2×10-10, which far exceeds the NIH guideline of an escape rate of less than 10-8. The MIB researchers believe that this technology will play a crucial role in the responsible innovation of engineering biology, a rapidly expanding field of science that allows industry to produce value-added chemicals cheaply and efficiently using microorganisms. The new biocontainment method will help to safeguard the bio-economy and protect both researchers and the wider community from the risks associated with emerging technologies.

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Microorganism fermentation is a rapidly growing field, and space microgravity can affect the fermentation process. Exposure to space microgravity can induce mutant microorganisms, which can have improved fermentation potentials. The space environment includes microgravity, space radiation, ultra-vacuum, and ionosphere ionized by solar and cosmic radiations. China has been conducting space microorganism experiments in its space station program since 1999. Several experiments have been conducted, including the discovery of mutant strains with improved fermentation potentials. For example, a mutant strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus showed improved fermentation potentials under microgravity. Other experiments have also shown improvements in fermentation cycle times, product yields, and antibiotic activities. The effects of space microgravity on fermentation can be attributed to changes at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. The altered environmental conditions in space can stimulate genetic mutations, leading to improved fermentation potentials. Overall, space microgravity can provide an unprecedented platform for exploring microorganism utilization systems and discovering new mutant strains with improved fermentation potentials.

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The use of microorganisms in food and beverage production dates back to ancient times. However, the rise of industrial production and the discovery of easily accessible petroleum deposits led to a decline in the use of biological routes. With rising economic and environmental costs of petroleum-based products, there is renewed interest in biological production of commodity fuels and specialty chemicals. High-temperature fermentations, closer to temperatures used in chemical refineries, offer potential advantages over mesophilic biorefineries. Thermostable enzymes have been used in industrial catalysis, and it is possible to improve the thermostability of mesophilic enzymes. High-temperature bioprocessing has advantages such as reduced risk of contamination and lowered chances of phage infection. Genetics in extreme thermophiles is a major challenge, but nutritional selection techniques, such as uracil prototrophic selection, have been successfully used. This technology has the potential to improve the production of commodity fuels and specialty chemicals.

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The article discusses the development of microbial cell factories for the production of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid (3-HP), a non-chiral three-carbon molecule that is a precursor for the production of various valuable chemicals, including acrylic acid and bioplastics. The article reviews the metabolic pathways that can be used to produce 3-HP from glycerol, specifically the CoA-dependent and CoA-independent pathways.

The article describes the various microorganisms that have been used for the production of 3-HP, including Lactobacillus reuteri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. It highlights the advantages of using L. reuteri, such as its ability to synthesize coenzyme B12, which is necessary for the production of 3-HP. The article also discusses the potential of using other lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus diolivorans and Lactobacillus collinoides, for 3-HP production.

The article summarizes the various strategies that have been employed to optimize the production of 3-HP, including the use of genetic engineering, fermentation conditions, and strain development. It highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate production host, which should be capable of tolerating organic acids and potentially toxic impurities in crude glycerol.

Overall, the article provides an overview of the current state of 3-HP production and discusses the potential for further improvements in production strains and processes.

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The production and use of explosives have led to environmental problems, including soil and groundwater contamination with explosive residues. The toxic and mutagenic effects of explosive contaminants, such as TNT, RDX, and HMX, are well-established. The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene as possible carcinogens in humans.

Current detection methods for trace explosives in soil and groundwater rely on analytical devices, but these are expensive and require expertise. A complementary approach is to use live cell sensors, which can provide information on the bioavailability and toxicity of target compounds. Microbial bioreporters, which are genetically engineered to produce a signal in response to specific chemicals, have been developed for explosives detection.

One example is a bioreporter designed to detect TNT and 2,4-DNT, which uses a regulatory protein to activate a reporter gene in response to the presence of the target analyte. Other examples include the use of Escherichia coli bioreporters to detect 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). These bioreporters have shown promising results in detecting explosives, but further development is needed to improve their sensitivity and specificity.

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A breakthrough in plastic recycling technology has been achieved by a Japanese group, where a specific bacteria can break down PET plastic into its original components. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize plastic recycling and could eventually lead to a global solution to plastic waste. Scientists are working to improve the bacteria’s efficiency, and Carbios plans to open a commercial plant in 2025 that can recycle 50,000 tonnes of PET waste per year. This technology could lead to semi-automated recycling plants in each city, where plastics could be processed directly into nearby industries. In theory, this could also help clear up oceans by industrializing a system where sea algae break down plastic. However, there are concerns about the potential risks of genetically modified organisms escaping into the environment. While not all plastics can be efficiently digested, this technology is filling an important gap in the quest to reduce plastic waste.

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Cancer is a significant threat to global health, and conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have limitations. The tumor microenvironment (TME) can provide a favorable condition for bacterial growth. Bacteria have been used as anticancer agents, and some species have been found to be well-suited for this purpose. The unique properties of bacteria, such as their ability to target solid tumors, produce specific compounds, and overcome vascular barriers, make them promising diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

Bacteria can be engineered to produce specific compounds, stimulate an immune response, and colonize different body sites. Their inherent tropism for different types of tumors and their ability to overcome the vascular barrier make them suitable for use in tumor-targeting delivery. Bacteria can also be used as drug-delivery vehicles and immune modulators in tumor biotherapy.

This review briefly updates the most recent developments in bacteria for biotherapy and investigates different strategies to enhance the safety and efficiency of bacterial functionalization for biotherapy. The challenges and prospects for bacteria-based cancer treatments are also discussed. The potential of bacteria as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer treatment is promising and warrants further research.

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The rapid growth of urban areas and industries has led to a significant increase in plastic waste, causing environmental harm and health risks. The production of plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene, has resulted in millions of tons of waste, with only a small portion being recycled or properly disposed of. Bioplastics, on the other hand, are considered a more sustainable alternative and are produced from renewable sources such as plant-based materials. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a type of bioplastic that has gained attention due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties.

PHAs can be produced through fermentation using microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast. The process is challenging, but advancements have been made in optimizing production using robust organisms and optimizing fermentation conditions. Recently, the use of halophilic microorganisms has emerged as a promising approach for producing PHAs from renewable waste substrates. These microorganisms can convert complex organic waste into biodegradable polymers, reducing waste and promoting sustainable production. This review discusses the potential of using halophilic microorganisms for PHA production from organic waste, as well as the development of metabolic engineering approaches and fermentation conditions for improving PHA synthesis. Overall, the development of sustainable and cost-effective PHA production methods is crucial for reducing plastic waste and promoting environmental sustainability.

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The UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) has awarded funding to four new engineering biology projects, led by researchers at Imperial College London, to develop new technologies in microbial food, gene therapy, plastic breakdown, and glycan biomanufacture for health. These projects are part of UKRI’s Engineering Biology Missions, which aim to transform our health and environment.

The projects include:

* Developing microbial foods that are more sustainable, healthier, and tastier, using fermentation-based food products and precision fermentation.
* Creating engineered genetic control systems for gene therapies, which can treat or cure diseases by replacing, inactivating, or introducing new or modified genes.
* Breaking down plastics, using enzymes and microbes to remove pollutants from the environment and redirect monomers to higher value goods.
* Transforming glycan biomanufacture for health, using low-cost methods to link glycans to proteins for more effective vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics.

These projects have the potential to revolutionize various industries, from food production to healthcare, and contribute to sustainable growth and a reduced carbon footprint.

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The article discusses the potential of biotechnological hydrogen gas production using photobiological methods. It highlights the limitations of traditional fossil-based hydrogen production and the need for alternative, sustainable methods. The article focuses on the potential of cyanobacteria and green algae as ideal platforms for direct solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion. These organisms feature specialized light-harvesting machinery and photosynthetic electron transport chains, allowing for the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy. The article reviews previous research on hydrogenase-mediated STH production, highlighting the potential of this technology. It also discusses the challenges facing the development of hydrogenase-based STH production, including the need for more efficient energy conversion, improved enzyme stability, and more effective electron transport systems. The article concludes that further research is needed to overcome these challenges and develop a commercially viable biotechnological hydrogen production method. The references provided at the end of the article offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field.

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Researchers have been exploring the use of bacteria as a longer-lasting alternative to traditional topical drug delivery methods, which require frequent reapplication. Mark Prausnitz’s group from the Georgia Institute of Technology engineered bacteria to produce drugs directly on the skin, showing that the bacteria can stay on the skin for longer than current topicals. Veronica Montgomery, a postdoctoral researcher at Sandia National Laboratories, used a different approach, using Bacillus subtilis to produce a therapeutic protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), on the skin. She found that the bacteria persisted for up to five days on pig skin and three days on human skin, with the addition of B. subtilis’s preferred carbon source. The researchers also studied the impact of the skin microbiome on the bacteria’s ability to survive and produce the protein. The study demonstrates the potential for a microbial-based delivery system to produce therapeutic drugs, as well as other substances like sunscreen or mosquito repellent, on the skin. The field is still in its early stages, but researchers are optimistic about its potential and are exploring different applications.

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The study of polymers, particularly plastics, is crucial in modern society. However, traditional polymers are derived from fossil resources, which are finite and contribute to pollution. To address this issue, researchers are exploring biopolymers produced by microorganisms, such as E. coli. A recent study in Nature Chemical Biology, led by Tong Un Chae et al., genetically engineered E. coli to synthesize polyester amides (PEAs) using energy storage pathways. The modified pathway allows for the creation of long chains of pure PEA, but with one limitation: the bacteria are not picky about the type of amino acid monomers they add to the chain. While bacterially synthesizing products on an industrial scale is not new, the production of plastics using microorganisms is still in the experimental stage and not yet ready for large-scale application.

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The diversity of biochemical systems in nature has led to the development of various valuable compounds, including secondary metabolites that are of great importance to industries. However, the range of compounds that can be generated through biosynthesis is limited to those that occur naturally in living systems and have known biosynthesis pathways. To diversify natural metabolic pathways and produce novel valuable compounds, researchers have employed various strategies.

One approach is to rewrite metabolic blueprints using natural enzymes, which can be achieved through gap-filling and mix-and-matching of pathways. This can lead to the production of novel compounds, such as odd-chain fatty alcohols and arbutin. Another approach is to design non-natural metabolic pathways using computational tools, which can enable the production of novel compounds such as 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid.

To achieve this, researchers have used various strategies, including the introduction of non-native enzymes, the creation of artificial enzyme channels, and the manipulation of pathways to produce novel compounds. These approaches have led to the production of various valuable compounds, including salvia, erythromycin, and 2-pyrrolidone.

Overall, the diversification of natural metabolic pathways is crucial for the production of novel valuable compounds, and the development of novel strategies and technologies is necessary to achieve this goal.

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The human microbiota refers to all microorganisms and microbial communities that inhabit the human body. The largest community is in the digestive tract, but there are other communities in the skin, vagina, and oral cavity. The microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, and an imbalance, or dysbiosis, has been linked to various diseases, including neurological, inflammatory, and cancer disorders. Microbiome engineering is an emerging field that aims to modify the human microbiota for therapeutic purposes. Engineered live biotherapeutic products (eLBPs) are microorganisms that have been genetically modified to perform a specific diagnostic or therapeutic function.

This review focuses on eLBPs and their potential therapeutic applications. The strategic advantages of eLBPs include the ability to choose a defined strain chassis, reduce the risk of introducing pathogenic species, and secrete non-native molecules. However, there are also challenges, such as the need for repeated dosing to maintain residency of the therapeutic strain. Clinical trials are underway to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of eLBPs in humans. This review provides an overview of the current state of eLBPs and their potential to revolutionize the treatment of various diseases.

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The authors developed a biological containment system to prevent the spread of genetically modified bacteria in the environment. The system uses a combination of thymidine auxotrophy, a gene expression regulator (ER), and a CRISPR device (CD) to control gene expression and prevent the release of the genetic circuit to other bacteria. The ER consists of two components: a crRNA and a taRNA. The crRNA represses the expression of a gene of interest by blocking access to the ribosome binding site, while the taRNA exposes the RBS and initiates translation of the gene. The CD is a sequence-specific bactericidal device that induces double-strand breaks in a target DNA sequence, preventing the acquisition of essential genes from environmental bacteria and killing bacteria that harbor artificial genes. The authors tested the system in mice and found that it was highly effective in preventing the spread of the genetically modified bacteria. They also showed that the system was stable for at least 10 days in the mouse gastrointestinal tract and prevented the disruption of thymidine auxotrophy by horizontal gene transfer of the thyA gene. Overall, the authors’ biological containment system provides a promising approach for preventing the unintended spread of genetically modified microorganisms.

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baCta, a startup, has secured €3.3 million in pre-seed funding to produce biosynthetic, carbon-negative natural rubber using engineered microorganisms and renewable feedstocks. The funding round was led by OVNI Capital, with participation from Kima Ventures, Sharpstone Capital, and influential business angels. The startup is advised by renowned scientists and biotech founders. baCta’s technology leverages a synthetic organelles platform and diversifies feedstock sources to achieve negative carbon footprint. The company aims to decarbonize the rubber industry, which is a critical raw material with a 40 billion dollar market. Currently, half of the world’s supply is derived from petrochemicals, and the other half from Hevea rubber trees, which are threatened by climate change and deforestation. The funds will be used to further research, expand the team, and increase production capabilities. The company plans to manufacture the first prototypes with leading companies in fashion and industry, and eventually produce a platform to produce carbon-negative isoprenoids, a large chunk of the petro-chemical industry.

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The public sector’s support for climate-linked applications of Engineered Biology (EngBio) is underdeveloped. The US government’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) has established a program to promote synthetic biology tools for biomass conversion, but it focuses on energy-sector applications and only accounts for 2% of its research effort. The international initiative Mission Innovation has also recognized the potential of EngBio to unlock CO2 emissions reduction in the transport, chemicals, and materials sectors.

The US Department of Energy has set bold EngBio-linked mitigation goals, such as utilizing 60 million metric tons of exhaust gas CO2 suitable for conversion to fuels and products by 2043. Recent US legislation has provided financing options and general support for EngBio research. The realization of EngBio’s climate mitigation potential requires policy interventions to bridge the gap between basic science and deployment. Policymakers must decide which applications warrant public support and what form this support should take, considering technological, political, and social feasibility. EngBio applications may require different types of policy support, depending on factors such as feedstock and land-use implications, displacement of existing industries, and scale of deployment.

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The study on the microbe, K. rhaeticus, used two different culture media: HS-glucose media and coconut water media. The culture conditions included shaking and stationary cultures, with the addition of antibiotics, cellulase, and ethanol to promote pellicle formation. The microbe’s cells were inoculated into the culture media and grown at 30°C. The culture media was supplemented with l-tyrosine, copper salts, and other substances to promote melanin production.

For the purposes of this study, the microbe’s cells were used to produce melanated pellicles, which were then used to study the production of eumelanin. The pellicles were grown in a two-step process, first in a sterile culture container and then in a larger container with a larger volume of media. The pellicles were then washed and placed in a eumelanin development buffer to produce the melanin.

The study also used optogenetic constructs to express specific genes, such as the tyr1 gene, and to study the production of eumelanin in response to blue light. The results of the study demonstrated the use of K. rhaeticus as a model organism for the production of eumelanin and the development of optogenetic systems.

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Researchers at Imperial College London have genetically engineered bacteria to grow animal- and plastic-free leather that also dyes itself. This breakthrough achievement is a major step forward in the quest for sustainable fashion. The self-dyeing vegan, plastic-free leather is made from bacterial cellulose, a strong, flexible, and malleable material that is already used in food, cosmetics, and textiles. The bacteria are engineered to produce the dark black pigment, eumelanin, which dyes the material from the inside out. The researchers have created shoe and wallet prototypes and believe that the process can be adapted to produce materials with various vibrant colors and patterns, and to make more sustainable alternatives to other textiles like cotton and cashmere. The project demonstrates the potential for bacteria to grow materials with unique properties, such as self-dyeing capabilities, and could revolutionize the fashion industry. The researchers are now working with the fashion industry to make the production of clothes more sustainable and hope to use this technology to solve other environmental problems, such as the use of toxic chromium in leather production.

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Researchers at Imperial College London have made a breakthrough in sustainable fashion by engineering bacteria to produce a self-dyeing, vegan, and plastic-free leather alternative. The bacteria can grow a material (bacterial cellulose) and its own pigment (eumelanin) simultaneously, making it a more sustainable option compared to traditional leather production. The process uses a tiny fraction of carbon emissions, water, and land use, and can be biodegradable and non-toxic. The researchers have created prototypes of self-dyed leather shoes and wallets by growing the material in a bespoke vessel and activating the production of pigment. The technique can also be used to create patterns and logos by projecting blue light onto the material as it grows. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize the fashion industry and could be used to produce other sustainable textiles, such as alternatives to cotton and cashmere. The collaboration between scientists and designers has led to a new way of creating products that is not only sustainable but also aesthetically pleasing.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been available in the market since the 1990s. GMOs are plants, animals, or microorganisms that have had their genetic material changed through genetic engineering, involving the transfer of specific DNA from one organism to another. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) work together to ensure GMO crops are safe for humans, animals, and the environment. To increase consumer understanding of GMOs, Congress funded the Agricultural Biotechnology Education and Outreach Initiative, which led to the launch of the “Feed Your Mind” education initiative in 2020. This initiative provides science-based educational resources for consumers, healthcare professionals, teachers, and health educators to educate them about agricultural biotechnology and GMOs. The resources include web content, fact sheets, infographics, and videos that answer common questions about GMOs, such as what makes it a GMO, its benefits, and potential health effects. The EPA also regulates biotechnology for use in pest management, and the Unified Website for Biotechnology Regulation provides information on GMO regulation across the federal government.

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The article discusses gene silencing in bacteria using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and other synthetic biology tools. CRISPRi is a programmable system that uses a single guide RNA to target and silence specific genes in bacteria. The system has been used to silence genes involved in various metabolic pathways and to regulate gene expression in response to environmental changes.

The article also discusses other synthetic biology tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, which can be used for gene editing, and CRISPR-Cas13, which can be used for RNA-guided RNA targeting. Additionally, the article touches on the development of new genetic circuits and biosensors that can be used to monitor and control gene expression in real-time.

The article highlights the potential applications of these technologies in fields such as biotechnology, biomedicine, and biomanufacturing. For example, CRISPRi can be used to improve the production of biofuels, bioproducts, and bioreagents, while also enabling the creation of novel synthetic pathways and metabolic routes.

The article also discusses the challenges and limitations of these technologies, including off-target effects and potential toxicity concerns. Overall, the article provides an overview of the current state of the field of gene silencing in bacteria and highlights the potential for these technologies to revolutionize the field of synthetic biology.

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Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for growth and reproduction in humans and animals. It is produced by many microorganisms and is used as a feed additive in animal nutrition. The commercial production of riboflavin is typically performed through fermentation using microorganisms such as Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata, and Bacillus subtilis. These microorganisms can synthesize riboflavin from two major precursors: ribulose 5-phosphate and guanosine triphosphate.

The production of riboflavin can be optimized through the use of genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, and biocatalyst conversion. This has led to the development of high-producing strains of microorganisms that can produce over 10 g/L of riboflavin. Additionally, the development of bioprocesses has improved the efficiency of riboflavin production. The world market for riboflavin production has more than doubled in the past 13 years, with the majority of production being used as a feed additive. Further research is needed to improve the understanding of riboflavin biosynthesis and to optimize production processes.

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A team of researchers at Rice University has developed a new approach to address the issue of plastic pollution by bioengineering E. coli bacteria to break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a commonly used plastic material. They achieved this by introducing the sticky properties of mussels to the bacteria, making them adhere to plastic and also capable of breaking it down. This innovative technique has the potential to solve the problem of plastic pollution, which accounts for over 40% of the single-use plastic waste in the US and 12% of the world’s total solid waste. The modified bacteria can also be used to prevent unwanted microbial growth on medical equipment and other surfaces. The researchers are optimistic about the prospects of this solution, which could lead to a faster and more efficient way to reduce plastic waste and its environmental impact. Further research is needed to scale up this technology and explore its potential applications.

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L-Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid found in all living organisms, with its name derived from its initial isolation from unripe apples in 1785. It has been classified as a safe food-grade product by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is primarily used as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in the food and beverage industries. The demand for malic acid is growing, driven by its improved taste retention and more intense acid taste compared to citric acid. The current global malic acid production capacity is estimated to be between 80,000 and 100,000 tons per year, while the annual market demand is over 200,000 tons.

This review focuses on the latest progress in malic acid production, biosynthetic pathways, and metabolic engineering strategies. It covers the production of malic acid using wild-type microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. The review also discusses the use of enzyme-based bioprocesses for the production of malic acid, as well as the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for improved production. Overall, the use of microorganisms as cell factories for industrial production of malic acid is a promising field with great potential for further development.

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A team of researchers, led by Prof. Chenli Liu and Prof. Yichuan Xiao, has discovered the key mechanism behind how genetically engineered bacteria, specifically DB1, target and eliminate tumors. DB1 is designed to thrive in tumor tissue while being eliminated from healthy tissue, providing a targeted approach to cancer treatment. The researchers found that DB1’s antitumor efficacy is linked to the activation and expansion of tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells in the tumor, which is mediated by the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). The study reveals that IL-10 binds to IL-10R on CD8+ TRM cells, promoting their activation and expansion. This creates a positive feedback loop, allowing the cells to “remember” previous IL-10 stimulation during tumorigenesis. The researchers also found that tumor-associated macrophages upregulate IL-10 expression after DB1 stimulation, which reduces the migration speed of tumor-associated neutrophils, helping DB1 evade clearance. The study provides valuable insights and a guiding principle for the design of engineered bacteria, enhancing safety and efficacy in cancer therapy.

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids with health benefits, including reducing cardiovascular disease risk and having anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. PUFAs can be obtained through foods, such as marine fish, plants, and oleaginous microorganisms. However, the sustainability and instability of the marine fish source and the seasonality and climate change dependence of plant sources have led to an interest in microbial PUFA-producers. Microorganisms like bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and protists can accumulate PUFAs, with PUFA-producing eukaryotes having an advantage in producing PUFAs due to higher biomass and lipid accumulation. The PUFA synthase pathway is an anaerobic pathway that does not require molecular oxygen and produces fewer byproducts compared to the desaturase/elongase pathway. The PUFA synthase pathway has been identified in various eukaryotes, including Schizochytrium species, which can produce DHA and EPA. Researchers have engineered Schizochytrium to produce DHA and EPA, and there is ongoing research to optimize PUFA production and develop new PUFA-producing microorganisms.

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Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring compounds found in plants and fungi, characterized by a 15-carbon skeleton with two phenyl rings connected by a heterocyclic ring. They have various biological functions, including producing pigmentation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and UV protection. Flavonoids also exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, making them valuable in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.

The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids in plants involves the shikimate pathway, where phenylalanine and tyrosine are converted to p-coumaroyl-CoA, which is then converted to naringenin chalcone and other flavonids. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled the production of flavonids in microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent advances in modular co-culture engineering, pH-shift control, and CRISPR interference have improved the efficiency and yield of flavonoid production.

Flavonoids have been used to treat various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. The global market for flavonoids is expected to reach $1.05 billion in 2021. However, traditional extraction methods are limited by raw material availability and low product yield, making metabolic engineering and synthetic biology a promising approach for flavonoid production.

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Here is a 200-word summary of the corrigendum:

The article “Engineered biosynthesis of plant polyketides by type III polyketide synthases in microorganisms” was published with errors in Figures 1, 2, and 3. The errors were in the captions, but the figures themselves were correct. The authors have published a corrigendum to correct these errors. The corrections provide the correct Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3, with their corresponding captions. The articles describe the reconstructed biosynthetic pathway for type III polyketide synthases, precursor enhancement engineering in E. coli and S. cerevisiae, and an overview of the strategies and achievements in biosynthesis of plant polyketides in microorganisms.

The authors apologize for the error and assure that it does not affect the scientific conclusions of the article. The original article has been updated. The article is still open-access and can be shared, distributed, or reproduced, provided that the original authors and copyright owners are credited and the original publication is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

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The discipline of synthetic biology aims to domesticate and standardize DNA parts, modularize cellular processes, and construct synthetic organisms for specific applications. Recent advances in DNA design, synthesis, and assembly have enabled the construction of synthetic DNAs of whole-genome size. However, building designer organisms from scratch is still challenging due to the need for large-scale DNA synthesis and extensive genetic engineering. The use of cell-free biology, which employs cell extracts or purified proteins and cofactors, is gaining popularity but lacks scalability. Microbes, including engineered strains, are widely used in industrial processes, and while random mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) can optimize strains, they are not always beneficial and can lead to scale-up failures.

Researchers are moving away from the dichotomy of model and non-model organisms and exploring the diversity of wild-type microorganisms, which may perform better for certain products. With the availability of whole-genome sequencing and high-quality reference genomes, researchers can now expand beyond traditional model organisms and explore the utilization of non-model microorganisms. Synthetic biology tools, such as standardized DNA assembly and genome manipulation, enable the rapid establishment of new microbial systems, and high-throughput technologies, such as transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome profiling, facilitate large-scale data generation.

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The article discusses the importance of mineral deposits in the Earth’s crust and the increasing demand for metals, particularly in the face of climate change. The extraction and processing of these minerals have significant environmental and social implications, including the potential for environmental damage and public health risks. The use of cost-cutting measures in mining and metal refining has led to a deterioration in public confidence. However, research is being conducted to develop more sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for extracting and processing metals.

One promising approach is the use of biological processes, such as biosorption and bioaccumulation, to remove heavy metals from wastewater. These processes use living organisms to absorb and concentrate heavy metals, reducing the need for chemical treatment and the potential for environmental harm. The article reviews various biological phenomena that have been explored for their potential in bio-heavy metal remediation, including genetically engineered microorganisms.

The use of transgenic microorganisms to remove heavy metals from wastewater is a promising approach, as it can be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than traditional methods. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of these technologies and to address any environmental and social concerns. The article highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach to heavy metal removal and emphasizes the importance of considering not just technical feasibility but also environmental and social sustainability.

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Scientists have developed a solution to tackle plastic waste, inspired by mussels. Researchers at Rice University created bioengineered microorganisms that can stick to surfaces, specifically designed to break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common type of plastic that can take centuries to decompose. The team used genetic code expansion to modify bacteria, introducing a natural amino acid found in mussels to enhance their ability to adhere to PET surfaces. The engineered bacteria showed a 400-fold increase in adhesion to PET substrates and can break down plastic significantly overnight. This technology can also be applied to prevent biofouling, a major problem in industries like shipping and water treatment. The researchers believe this breakthrough can have far-reaching implications, including healthcare, where modified proteins could be used to inhibit bacterial adhesion on medical devices. The discovery has the potential to transform bioengineering applications and solve real-world problems, such as the growing issue of plastic pollution.

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The paper discusses the role of terpene natural products in the natural world. Terpenes are a class of organic compounds that are produced by plants and bacteria, and they play a crucial role in many biological and ecological processes. The paper reviews recent advances in the production and regulation of terpenes, including their biosynthesis, metabolic engineering, and biotechnological applications. The authors discuss the potential of terpenes as biofuels, fragrances, and nutritional supplements, and highlight the challenges and opportunities for their production and processing. The paper also touches on the importance of understanding the regulation of terpene production and the factors that influence its yield and quality.

The paper then shifts its focus to the mevalonate pathway, a metabolic pathway that is instrumental in the synthesis of isoprenoids, including terpenes. The authors review recent advances in the engineering of this pathway, including the use of metabolic engineering, metabolic pathway construction, and flux analysis. They highlight the potential of the mevalonate pathway for the production of high-value compounds, such as isoprenoids, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for its development and applications.

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The Human Microbiome Project has shown that the microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, and a new study has found that our efforts to create sterile urban environments may be backfiring. Researchers from Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in China collected 738 samples from various built environments in Hong Kong and found 363 novel microbial strains that have adapted to the challenging urban conditions. These microbes have evolved to metabolize manufactured products found in cities, including cleaning products and disinfectants. This adaptation poses health risks, as some of these microbes can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. The study also found that some microbes have developed a mutualistic relationship with humans, providing us with essential nutrients. The team emphasizes the need to develop strategies to create a healthy indoor ecosystem, including infection control practices and the use of appropriate disinfectants. The study’s findings have important implications for urban planning, healthcare, and public health policy.

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Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles from computer science, engineering, biology, and other disciplines to design and manipulate biological systems. It enables the creation of novel biological systems or the redesign of existing ones to perform specific functions. Synthetic biology has numerous applications, including in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental science. In healthcare, it can lead to personalized therapies, new treatments, and enhanced diagnostic tools. In agriculture, it can improve crop yields, stress resilience, and nutrient utilization. In environmental science, it can aid in pollution remediation and biosensor development.

The field relies on advanced techniques such as genome editing, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, and computational modeling. Gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have revolutionized biological research, enabling the precise modification of genetic sequences. Synthetic biology also has the potential to engineer probiotics that target infectious agents, produce therapeutic compounds, or modify gut microbiota to improve outcomes in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and metabolic disorders. The intersection of synthetic biology and microbiome research offers significant opportunities for advancing biotechnology, environmental sustainability, and healthcare.

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The use of bacteria for disease treatment dates back to the 19th century. With the advancement of molecular biology and genetic engineering technology, scientists have been able to transform bacteria through genetic engineering to diagnose and treat diseases. This therapy, known as living engineered bacterial therapy, has several advantages, including low cost, sensitivity, and robustness, and can detect and treat diseases non-invasively and in situ.

To construct intelligent engineered bacteria for disease diagnosis and treatment, three key aspects must be considered: the selection of bacterial strains, construction of the biosensing system, and design of the release mechanism. The selection of bacterial strains should prioritize non-pathogenicity and biosafety, as well as genetic manipulation difficulties. The construction of the biosensing system involves the reception module, transmission control module, and output module. The release mechanism should be designed to ensure the effective release of diagnostic reporting factors or therapeutic factors from the engineered bacteria.

Intelligent engineered bacteria have been applied in various fields, including agriculture, energy, manufacturing, biology, and basic medical research. They have been engineered to detect and treat diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and hyperuricemia, by sensing environmental signals and transmitting them to key promoters, ultimately leading to the expression of functional proteins.

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The concept of “Mirror Life” refers to the creation or study of life forms that use mirror versions of biomolecules found in natural organisms, challenging our understanding of biology and the universality of biochemical principles. The author, a synthetic biology expert, recognizes the potential risks but also the benefits of this research, including its scientific curiosity and potential applications. The author is concerned about the focus solely on the dangers, as this may alienate the public, and the lack of international representation on the panel drafting the report. They suggest that framing the research as a dialogue with the biological world rather than a tool of domination can lead to a more positive and acceptable perception of genetically modified organisms. The author believes that we should approach this concept with caution, learning from past mistakes in communicating innovations to the public, and highlight the potential benefits and applications.

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