Proline is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. The metabolism of proline is closely linked to carcinogenic pathways, and its hydroxylation is a key regulatory mechanism in cellular responses to hypoxia. Trans-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) is a hydroxylated form of proline that is found in collagen and other proteins. Various enzymes, including prolyl 4-hydroxylases, are involved in the biosynthesis of Hyp.
Researchers have explored the production of Hyp through microbial fermentation using recombinant Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum strains. Genetic engineering and metabolic engineering approaches have been used to optimize Hyp production, including the introduction of proline 4-hydroxylase genes and the manipulation of metabolic pathways.
Studies have also investigated the effects of oxygen availability, temperature, and pH on Hyp production. Additionally, the use of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin has been shown to improve oxygen supply and enhance Hyp production in recombinant E. coli. The development of efficient production systems for Hyp has significant implications for the biotechnology industry, particularly in the production of collagen and other biomaterials.