Researchers are exploring the use of bacteria as a treatment for cancer, a concept known as bacteriotherapy. This approach has been investigated since the 19th century, but recent advancements in gene editing have made it more promising. Bacteria can be engineered to target and destroy cancer cells, and some strains can penetrate deep into tumors, producing anti-cancer compounds or toxins. Anaerobic bacteria, which thrive in low-oxygen environments, are particularly effective at targeting tumors.
Bacteria can be modified to produce specific molecules, such as cytotoxic drugs, and can be triggered to release these molecules only when inside the tumor, reducing off-target effects. Researchers have also developed strategies to target bacteria to tumors, including using ligands that bind to cell surface receptors or exploiting the low oxygen and pH levels found in tumors. Some bacteria, such as Salmonella, have been engineered to remove virulence genes, making them safe for use in humans while retaining their anti-tumor potency. Overall, bacteriotherapy offers a promising new approach to cancer treatment, with potential advantages over traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy.